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Melasma is a common skin condition characterized by dark, discolored patches on the skin. It occurs when melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigment, become hyperactive and produce excess melanin, leading to large, often symmetrical, brown or gray patches. The condition is more prevalent in women but can also affect men and may have a genetic component as it often runs in families. Factors like sun exposure, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy or birth control), and certain medications can trigger or worsen melasma, emphasizing the importance of understanding and managing these influences.